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Thus, there are two essential functions which make a financial institution a bank:
(1) Acceptance of chequable deposits (of money) from the public and
(2) Lending.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
The former is its unique or most distinctive function.
Three things about deposits are noteworthy:
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(i) They are deposits of money and not of goods or non-money financial assets;
(ii) Deposits are accepted from the public at large and not merely from its shareholders or members;
ADVERTISEMENTS:
iii) The deposits are repayable on demand and withdraw-able by cheque, i.e., the deposits are demand deposits.
The second essential function relates to the use of deposits. They are used for lending to others, and not for financing its own business of any kind (say manufacturing or trade).
In fact, as bank (under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949) is not allowed to carry on any such business (other than that of banking). The word lending is used here broadly to include both direct lending to borrowers and indirect lending through investment in open-market securities.
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